Hītori Whanaketanga o te Whakarewa Taiaho

Ngā Tikanga Whakarewa mō ngā Wāhanga Iti me ngā Wāhanga Iti Ko te whakarewa reima he tikanga whakarewa whai hua, tika hoki e whakamahi ana i te hihi reima kiato-pūngao teitei hei pūtake wera. Ko tētahi o ngā tono nui o te hangarau tukatuka rauemi reima. I ngā tau 1970, i whakamahia nuitia mō te whakarewa rauemi angiangi me te whakarewa tere-iti, ā, ko te tukanga whakarewa i ahu mai i te momo kawe wera. Ina koa, ka whakamahana te hihi reima i te mata o te mea mahi, ā, ka horapa te wera i runga i te mata ki roto mā te kawe wera. Mā te whakahaere i ngā tawhā pēnei i te whānui, te pūngao, te mana tihi, me te auau auau o ngā pā o te reima, ka rewa te mea mahi hei hanga i tētahi puna rewa motuhake. Nā ōna painga ahurei, kua angitu te tono ki tete whakarewa tika o ngā wāhanga moroiti me ngā wāhanga iti.Kei roto i ngā taumata matatau o te ao te hangarau whakarewa reera o Haina. Kei a ia te hangarau me te kaha ki te hanga i ngā wāhanga koranu titanium matatini neke atu i te 12 mita pūrua mā te whakamahi i te reera, ā, kua whakamahia i roto i te tauira me te hanga hua o ngā kaupapa rangahau rererangi ā-rohe maha. I te marama o Oketopa 2013, i toa tetahi tohunga whakarewa reera Hainamana i te Tohu Brook, te tohu mātauranga teitei rawa atu i te mara o te whakarewa, i whakaū i te taumata whakarewa reera o Haina o te ao.

## Hītori Whanaketanga I hangaia te hihi laser tuatahi o te ao i te tau 1960 e ngā tioata rupi whakahihiri me te rama uira. Nā te kaha wera o te tioata i whakawhāitihia, ka taea anake te whakaputa i ngā hihi pao poto rawa me te auau iti. Ahakoa ka taea e te kaha tihi pao tere te eke ki te 10^6 watts, nō te putanga iti-pūngao tonu. Ka taea e te tokotoko tioata yttrium konumohe garnet (Nd:YAG) i pania ki te neodymium, me te neodymium (Nd) hei huānga whakahihiri, te whakaputa i te hihi laser kotahi-roa tonu me te kaha o te 1-8KW. Ka taea te hono i te laser YAG, me te roanga ngaru o te 1.06μm, ki te pane tukatuka laser mā te muka whatu ngāwari, e whakaatu ana i te whakatakotoranga taputapu ngāwari me te pai mō ngā wahi mahi whakarewa me te matotoru o te 0.5-6mm. Mā te taiaho CO₂, e whakamahi ana i te hauhā waro hei whakaoho (me te roangaru o te 10.6μm), ka taea te whakatutuki i te kaha putanga tae atu ki te 25KW me te whakatutuki i te whakarewanga kotahi-haerenga o ngā pereti matotoru 2mm. Kua whakamahia whānuitia i roto i te tukatuka whakarewa i roto i te rāngai ahumahi. I waenganui o te tekau tau atu i 1980, ko te whakarewanga taiaho, hei hangarau hou, i aro nui ki Ūropi, te Hononga o Amerika, me Hapani. I te tau 1985, i mahi tahi a ThyssenKrupp Steel AG (Tiamana) me Volkswagen AG (Tiamana) ki te tango angitu i te paraikete taiaho tuatahi o te ao i runga i te tinana Audi 100. I te tekau tau atu i 1990, ka tīmata ngā kaihanga motuka nui i Ūropi, Amerika Te Raki, me Hapani ki te whakamahi whānui i te hangarau paraikete taiaho i roto i te hanga tinana motuka. Kua whakamātauhia e ngā wheako mahi mai i ngā taiwhanga me ngā kaihanga motuka ka taea te whakamahi angitu i ngā paraikete taiaho i roto i te hanga tinana motuka. Ka whakamahia e te whakarewa taiaho te pūngao taiaho hei hono aunoa me te whakarewa i ētahi maitai, maitai kore waikura, koranu konumohe, me ētahi atu, me ngā rauemi rerekē, matotoru, me ngā paninga ki roto i tētahi pereti, kōtaha, papa hanawiti rānei kua whakauruhia. Ka tutuki tēnei i ngā whakaritenga mahi rauemi rerekē o ngā wāhanga, ā, ka tutuki he taputapu mama me te taumaha māmā rawa, te hanganga tino pai, me te mahi pai rawa atu. I ngā whenua whakawhanake pēnei i a Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika,te whakarewa-whakairo laserKāore i te whakamahia noa i roto i te umanga hanga taputapu kawe engari he whānuitia hoki te whakamahinga i roto i ngā mara pēnei i te hanga, ngā piriti, te hanga whakarewa pereti taputapu kāinga, me te whakarewa pereti maitai i roto i ngā raina hurihuri (hononga pereti i roto i te hurihuri tonu). Ko ngā umanga whakarewa reihi rongonui o te ao ko Soudonic (Switzerland), ArcelorMittal Group (France), ThyssenKrupp TWB (Tiamana), Servo-Robot (Kanata), me Precitec (Tiamana). Kua tīmata noa te whakamahinga o te hangarau paraikete whakarewa reihi i Haina. I te 25 o Oketopa, 2002, i whakamanahia te raina whakaputa arumoni ngaio tuatahi a Haina mō ngā paraikete whakarewa reihi. I whakaurua mai e Wuhan ThyssenKrupp Zhongren Laser Tailor Welding mai i ThyssenKrupp TWB (Tiamana). I muri mai, ka whakauruhia a Shanghai Baosteel Arcelor Laser Tailor Welding Co., Ltd., FAW Baoyou Laser Tailor Welding Co., Ltd., me ētahi atu umanga ki te whakaputa. I te tau 2003, i kitea e ngā whenua ke te whakarewa waea whakakī reihi CO₂ rua-rama meWhakarewa waea whakakī taiaho YAGmō te hanganga o te papa pakitara o raro o te A318 konumohe. I whakakapia e tēnei hangarau te hanganga rivet tuku iho, i whakaitihia te taumaha o te tinana o te waka rererangi mā te 20% me te penapena i te 20% o te utu. I whakapono a Gong Shuili ka whai wāhi nui te hangarau whakarewa laser ki te whakawhiti me te whakapai ake i te umanga hanga rererangi tuku iho o Haina. I tono tonu ia mō ētahi kaupapa rangahau-mua e pā ana, i whakarite i tētahi rōpū rangahau, ā, i ārahi i te whakauru i te hangarau "whakarewa laser rua-rama" ki ngā kaupapa rangahau i Haina. Mai i te tīmatanga, i whakamahere ia ki te whakamahi i tēnei hangarau ki te hanga waka rererangi. I ripoatahia e te rōpū tohunga Hainamana te hangarau tuatahi ki tētahi whare hoahoa waka rererangi, ā, i whakatairangahia ngā painga me te whaihua o te whakarewa laser rua-rama. Whai muri i ngā manatoko me ngā aromatawai maha, i whakatau te whare hoahoa ki te whakamahi i tēnei hangarau ki te hanga i ngā papa pakitara rara mō tētahi waka rererangi, ā, i tutuki ai te whāinga tuatahi o te whakamahi i te hangarau "whakarewa laser rua-rama" ki te hanga waka rererangi. I pakaruhia e ia ngā hangarau matua pēnei i te whakahaere tika o te waea whakakī whakarewa reera mō ngā koranu mama, i whakawhanakehia he taputapu whakarewa reera takirua-rama whakauru me te auaha, i whakatūria te tūāpapa whakarewa reera takirua-rama mana-teitei tuatahi o Haina, i whakatinanahia te whakarewatanga takirua-rama me te takirua-taha o ngā hononga-T i roto i ngā hanganga pakitara angiangi nui, ā, i angitu te whakamahi ki te hanga whakarewatanga o ngā wāhanga hanganga matua o ngā panera pakitara rererangi, he mea nui ki te whanaketanga o ngā waka rererangi hou o Haina. I te tau 2003, ko te huinga taputapu whakarewa rīpene ipurangi nui tuatahi o te motu i whakaratohia e HG Laser i paahitia te whakaaetanga tuimotu. Ka whakauruhia e tēnei taputapu te tapahi reera, te whakarewatanga, me te maimoatanga wera, ka waiho a HG Laser hei tetahi o ngā umanga tuawhā o te ao e kaha ana ki te whakaputa i aua taputapu. I te tau 2004, i toa te kaupapa "Te Tapahi Taiaho Mana-High, Welding me te Hangarau Tukatuka Welding-Whakakotahi me ngā Taputapu" nā HG Laser Farley Laserlab i te Tohu Tuarua o te Tohu Whakamua Pūtaiao me te Hangarau ā-Motu, koia anake te umanga taiaho i Haina me te kaha R&D o tēnei hangarau me ngā taputapu. Nā te tere o te whanaketanga o te umanga taiaho ahumahi, kua nui ake ngā whakaritenga a te mākete mō te hangarau tukatuka taiaho. Kua neke haere te hangarau taiaho mai i te tono kotahi ki ngā tono kanorau. Mō te tukatuka taiaho, kāore e herea ki te tapahi kotahi, ki te welding rānei. Kei te piki haere te hiahia o te mākete mō ngā taputapu tukatuka taiaho whakauru e whakakotahi ana i te tapahi me te welding, ā, nō reira kua puta ake ngā taputapu tapahi me te welding taiaho whakauru. Nā HG Laser Farley Laserlab i whakawhanake te mīhini tapahi me te welding whakauru Walc9030, me te whakatakotoranga tino nui o te 9×3 mita, koinei te taputapu tapahi me te welding taiaho whakauru nui rawa atu o te ao i tēnei wā. Ko te Walc9030 he taputapu tapahi me te welding whakatakotoranga nui e whakauru anangā mahi tapahi taiaho me te whakarewa taiaho. He pane tapahi ngaio me te pane whakarewa, ā, kotahi te hihi e whakamahia ana e ngā pane tukatuka e rua. Mā te hangarau whakahaere tau ka kore e pokanoa tetahi ki tetahi. Ka taea e te taputapu te whakaoti i ngā tukanga e rua e hiahia ana kia tapahia me te whakarewa i te wā kotahi. Ka taea te whakawhiti noa i waenga i te tapahi tuatahi kātahi ka whakarewa, te whakarewa rānei i te tuatahi kātahi ka tapahi, ka tutuki ai ngā mahi tapahi me te whakarewa laser me te taputapu kotahi me te kore e hiahiatia he taputapu tāpiri. Ka penapenahia ngā utu taputapu mā ngā kaihanga tono, ka whakapai ake i te pai o te tukatuka me te whānuitanga tukatuka. Heoi anō, nā te whakaurunga o te tapahi me te whakarewa, ka tino whakamanahia te tika o te tukatuka, ā, he pai, he pumau hoki te mahi a te taputapu. Hei tāpiri, kua wikitoria i ngā uauatanga o te whakarerekētanga wera o ngā pereti i te wā e whakarewahia ana ngā pereti tino nui me te whakatutukitanga pumau o ngā ara whatu rere tino roa. Ka taea e ia te whakarewa i ngā pereti papatahi e rua, e 6 mita te roa, e 1.5 mita te whānui i te wā kotahi, ā, he maeneene, he papatahi hoki te mata whakarewa me te kore he tukatuka-muri tāpiri. I taua wā anō, ka taea e ia te tapahi i ngā pereti he 3 mita te whānui, he roa neke atu i te 6 mita, ā, he matotoru iti iho i te 20mm i roto i te tukanga hanga kotahi me te kore e whakanoho tuarua. I whakahaerehia e te Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, te mahi tahi ā-ao me te IHI Corporation (Hapani). I te whai i te rautaki whanaketanga pūtaiao me te hangarau ā-motu o te "whakaurunga, te nakunaku, te mimiti, me te auahatanga anō", i hinga i a ia ētahi hangarau matua ote whakarewa-whakairo laser, i whakawhanake i te huinga tuatahi o ngā raina whakaputa whakarewa taiaho katoa o Haina i te marama o Hepetema 2006, ā, i angitu te whakawhanake i tētahi pūnaha whakarewa taiaho karetao, e whakatutuki ana i te whakarewa taiaho o ngā pihi papatahi me ngā pihi ā-wāhi. I te marama o Oketopa 2013, i toa tētahi tohunga whakarewa Hainamana i te Tohu Brook, te tohu mātauranga teitei rawa atu i te mara o te whakarewa. Ka tūtohu, ka whakaingoatia hoki e te Welding Institute (TWI, UK) ngā kaitono i ia tau mai i te neke atu i te 4,000 ngā mema i roto i te neke atu i te 120 whenua, ā, i te mutunga ka whakawhiwhia tēnei taonga ki tētahi tohunga hei whakamihi i ā rātou takoha nui ki te pūtaiao me te hangarau o te whakarewa, te hono rānei me tōna tono ahumahi. Ehara i te mea he whakamihi tēnei tohu ki a Gong Shuili me tana tīma anake, engari he whakaū anō hoki i te tūranga o AVIC ki te whakatairanga i te ahunga whakamua o te hangarau hono rauemi.

## Ngā Tawhā Hanganga

### Taputapu Mahi He mea tito mai i tētahi ohiroa whatu me tētahi reo irirangi kei waenganui i ngā whakaata i ngā pito e rua o te kōhao ohiroa. Ina whakaohokia te reo irirangi ki tētahi āhua pūngao teitei, ka tīmata te whakaputa i ngā ngaru mārama ā-wāhanga, e whakaata ana i waenganui i ngā whakaata i ngā pito e rua, ka hanga he pānga honohono hiko-whakaahua. Ka whakanuia ake e tēnei ngā ngaru mārama, ā, ina whiwhihia he pūngao nui, ka tukuna te taiaho. Ka taea hoki te tautuhi i te taiaho hei taputapu e huri ana i ngā pūtake pūngao tuatahi pēnei i te pūngao hiko, te pūngao matū, te pūngao wera, te pūngao mārama, te pūngao karihi rānei hei hihi irahiko hikohiko o ngā auau whatu motuhake (mārama ultraviolet, mārama kitea, mārama infrared rānei). Ka taea te whakahaere ngāwari i tēnei hurihanga i roto i ētahi reo irirangi totoka, wai, hau rānei. Ina whakaohokia ēnei reo irirangi i roto i te āhua o ngā ngota, ngā ngota rānei, ka puta he hihi mārama me te āhua ōrite me te tata ki te kotahi te roanga ngaru—te taiaho. Nā tōna āhuatanga ā-wāhanga me te kotahi te roanga ngaru, he tino iti te koki rerekētanga, ā, ka taea te tuku i runga i te tawhiti roa i mua i te tino kukū hei whakarato i ngā mahi pēnei i te whakarewa, te tapahi, me te maimoatanga wera. ### Te Whakarōpūtanga o ngā Taiaho E rua ngā momo taiaho e whakamahia ana mō te whakarewa, arā, ko ngā taiaho CO₂ me ngā taiaho Nd:YAG. Ko ngā taiaho CO₂ me ngā taiaho Nd:YAG he mārama whero e kore e kitea ki te kanohi tahanga. Ko te hihi e whakaputaina ana e te taiaho Nd:YAG he mārama tata-whero me te roanga ngaru o te 1.06μm. He tere te mimiti o ngā kaiārahi wera mō te mārama o tēnei roanga ngaru, ā, mō te nuinga o ngā konganuku, ko te whakaata he 20%-30%. Ka taea te arotahi i te hihi tata-whero ki te diameter o te 0.25mm mā te whakamahi i ngā karāhe whatu paerewa. Ko te hihi o te taiaho CO₂ he mārama tawhiti-whero me te roanga ngaru o te 10.6μm. Ko te nuinga o ngā konganuku he whakaata o te 80%-90% mō tēnei momo mārama, nō reira me whakamahi karāhe whatu motuhake hei arotahi i te hihi ki te diameter o te 0.75-1.0mm. Ko te mana o ngā taiaho Nd:YAG ka taea te eke ki te 4,000-6,000W, ā, kua eke te mana mōrahi ki te 10,000W. He rerekē, ka taea e te mana o ngā taiaho CO₂ te eke ki te 20,000W, neke atu rānei. Ka whakatauhia e ngā taiaho CO₂ mana-teitei te raruraru o te whakaata nui mā te pānga o te kōhao kī. Ina rewa te mata o te rauemi e whiti ana i te ira mārama, ka hangaia he kōhao kī. He rite tēnei kōhao kī kī tonu i te kohu ki tētahi tinana pango, e mimiti ana i te nuinga o te kaha o te mārama e pā mai ana. Ka eke te pāmahana taurite i roto i te kōhao kī ki te 25,000°C, ā, ka tere te heke o te whakaata i roto i ētahi maikorohekona. Ahakoa kei te arotahi tonu te whanaketanga o ngā taiaho CO₂ ki te whanaketanga taputapu me te rangahau, ehara i te mea ko te whakanui ake i te mana putanga mōrahi, engari ko te whakapai ake i te kounga o te hihi me tana mahi arotahi. Hei tāpiritanga, ina whakamahia te argon hei hau tiaki mō te whakarewa laser CO₂ me te mana neke atu i te 10kW, he maha ngā wā ka puta he plasma kaha, ka whakaiti i te hohonutanga o te urunga. Nō reira, ko te helium, kāore e whakaputa plasma, ka whakamahia hei hau tiaki mō te whakarewa laser CO₂ mana-teitei. Ko te whakamahinga o ngā huinga laser diode mō te whakaoho i ngā tioata Nd:YAG mana-teitei he kaupapa rangahau me te whanaketanga nui, ka tino whakapai ake i te kounga o ngā hihi laser me te hanga tukatuka laser whai hua ake. Ko te whakamahinga o ngā rarangi diode tika hei whakaoho me te whakaputa laser i te rohe tata-infrared kua tutuki i te mana toharite o te 1kW me te pai o te huringa photoelectric tata ki te 50%. He roa ake hoki te ora ratonga o ngā diode (10,000 hāora), e āwhina ana ki te whakaiti i te utu tiaki o ngā taputapu laser. Kei te ahu whakamua hoki te whanaketanga o ngā taputapu laser totoka-pūwero diode (DPSSL).