Ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Tapahi Taiaho me tana Pūnaha Tukatuka —Taputapu Tapahi Taiaho
II. Te Hanganga o ngā Taputapu Tapahi Taiaho
2.1 Ngā Wāhanga me te Mātāpono Mahi o te Mīhini Tapahi Taiaho
Kei roto i te mīhini tapahi taiaho he kaituku taiaho, he pane tapahi, he huihuinga tuku hihi, he tēpu mahi taputapu mīhini, he pūnaha mana tau (NC), he rorohiko (taputapu me ngā pūmanawa), he pouaka whakamatao, he puoto hau whakamarumaru, he kaikohi puehu, me te whakamaroke hau.
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Kaihanga Reera
Ko te pūkaha hiko taiaho he taputapu e whakaputa ana i ngā pūtake mārama taiaho. Mō ngā mahi tapahi taiaho, he maha ngā mīhini e whakamahi ana i ngā taiaho hau CO₂ e whakaatu ana i te pai o te hurihanga hiko-whatu me te putanga mana teitei, engari mō ētahi wā torutoru e whakamahia ana ngā taiaho totoka YAG. Kāore e pai ana ngā taiaho katoa mō te tapahi, nā te mea he tino kaha ngā whakaritenga mō te kounga o te hihi o te tapahi taiaho.
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Upoko Tapahi
Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā wāhanga matua pērā i te pūwero, te karu arotahi, me te pūnaha aroturuki arotahi.
Ka whakamahia te pūrere taraiwa pane tapahi hei akiaki i te pane tapahi kia neke i te tuaka-Z e ai ki ngā kaupapa kua whakaritea. Kei roto i tēnei he motuka servo me ngā wāhanga tuku pēnei i ngā tīwiri mata, ngā taputapu rānei.
(1) Pūwero: E toru ngā momo pūwero matua: momo whakarara, momo whakapūmau, me te momo kōniko.
(2) Arotahi Arotahi: Hei tapahi mā te whakamahi i te kaha hihi taiaho, me arotahi te hihi taketake e tukuna ana e te taiaho mā roto i te arotahi hei hanga i tētahi wāhi mārama me te kiato kaha teitei. He pai ngā arotahi arotahi waenga me te roa mō te tapahi pereti matotoru, ā, he iti ake ngā whakaritenga mō te pumau o te tawhiti o te pūnaha aroturuki. Ko ngā arotahi arotahi poto he pai anake mō te tapahi pereti angiangi i raro i te 3 mm; he tino whakaritenga mō te pumau o te tawhiti o te pūnaha aroturuki engari ka taea te whakaiti nui i te mana whakaputa taiaho e hiahiatia ana.
(3) Pūnaha Aroturuki: Ko te pūnaha aro turuki arotahi o te mīhini tapahi taiaho he mea hanga i te pane tapahi arotahi me te pūnaha pūoko aro turuki. Ka whakauruhia e te pane tapahi ngā mahi o te arataki me te arotahi hihi, te whakamatao wai, te pupuhi hau, me te whakatikatika miihini.
He mea tito te pūoko i ngā wāhanga pūoko me te wae whakahaere whakanui. He rerekē rawa ngā pūnaha aroturuki i runga i te momo wāhanga pūoko. E rua ngā momo matua e wātea ana: ko tētahi ko te pūnaha aroturuki pūoko capacitive, e mōhiotia ana ko te pūnaha aroturuki kore-pa; ko tētahi ko te pūnaha aroturuki pūoko inductive, e mōhiotia ana ko te pūnaha aroturuki whakapā.
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Huinga Tukunga Hiko
Ara Whatu o Waho: Ka whakamahia ngā whakaata whakaata hei ārahi i te hihi laser ki te ahunga e hiahiatia ana. Hei ārai i ngā hapa o te ara hihi, ka tiakina ngā whakaata whakaata katoa e ngā whakangungu rakau, ā, ka whakaurua he hau ārai pēhanga pai ma hei pupuri i ngā whakaata kia kore e poke. Ka taea e te arotahi mahi-teitei te arotahi i te hihi kore-wehewehe ki tētahi wāhi iti rawa. Ko te arotahi he 5.0-inihi te roa arotahi e whakamahia whānuitia ana, ko te arotahi 7.5-inihi ka whakamahia anake mō te tapahi rauemi matotoru atu i te 12 mm.
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Tēpu Mahi Utauta Mīhini
Tinana Mīhini Matua: Te wāhanga taputapu mīhini o temīhini tapahi taiahoko te wāhanga mīhini e whakahaere ana i te nekehanga o ngā toki X, Y, me Z, tae atu ki te papa mahi tapahi.
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Pūnaha Whakahaere Tau
Ka whakahaerehia e te pūnaha NC te taputapu mīhini kia tutuki ai ngā nekehanga o te tuaka-X, Y, me te tuaka-Z, ā, ka whakahaeretia hoki te mana putanga o te taiaho i te wā kotahi.
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Pūnaha Whakamatao
Wāhanga Whakamatao: Ka whakamahia hei whakamatao i te kaihanga hiko rēseri. He taputapu te rēseri e huri ana i te pūngao hiko ki te pūngao mārama. Hei tauira, ko te whai huatanga o te hurihanga o te rēseri hau CO₂ he 20% te nuinga, ko te toenga o te pūngao ka hurihia hei wera. Ka tangohia e te wai whakamatao te wera nui hei pupuri i te mahi noa o te kaihanga rēseri. Ka whakamatao hoki te wāhanga whakamatao i ngā whakaata ara whatu o waho me ngā karāhe arotahi o te taputapu mīhini, kia mau ai te kounga tuku hihi pumau, ā, kia ārai pai ai i te rerekētanga o te karāhe, te pakaru rānei nā te wera nui.
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Ngā Pūwero Hau
Kei roto i ngā rango hau ngā rango reo mahi me ngā rango hau āwhina mō te mīhini tapahi taiaho, e whakamahia ana hei tāpiri i ngā hau ahumahi mō te wiri taiaho me te tuku hau āwhina mō te pane tapahi.
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Pūnaha Tango Puehu
Ka tangohia e ia te paoa me te puehu e puta mai ana i te wā e tukatukahia ana, ā, ka whakahaerehia he maimoatanga tātari hei whakarite kia tutuki ngā tukunga hau putanga i ngā paerewa tiaki taiao.
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Whakamaroke me te Tātari Whakamatao Hau
Ka tukuna he hau ma, maroke ki te whakaputa hiko taiaho me te ara hihi, kia mau tonu ai te mahi noa o te ara hihi me ngā whakaata whakaata.
2.2 Rama Tapahi mō te Tapahi Taiaho
Kei raro nei te hoahoa hanganga o te rama tapahi mō te tapahi taiaho. Ko te nuinga o te mea he tinana rama, he karāhe arotahi, he whakaata whakaata, me te pūwero hau āwhina. I te wā e tapahi taiaho ana, me tutuki i te rama tapahi ngā whakaritenga e whai ake nei:
① Ka taea e te rama te whakaputa i te rere o te hau e tika ana.
② Me rite te ahunga o te pupuhi o te hau i roto i te rama ki te tuaka whatu o te whakaata whakaata.
③ Ka taea te whakarite ngāwari i te roa o te arotahi o te rama.
④ I te wā e tapahi ana, kaua te kohu whakarewa me ngā tauhiuhi mai i te whakarewa kua tapahia e kino ki te whakaata whakaata.
Ka whakatikatikaina te nekehanga o te rama tapahi e te pūnaha nekehanga NC. E toru ngā āhuatanga mō te nekehanga whanaunga i waenga i te rama tapahi me te mea mahi:
① Ka noho pūmau te rama i te wā e neke ana te mea mahi i roto i te tēpu mahi — he mea pai mō ngā mea mahi iti.
② Ka noho pūmau te mea mahi i te wā e neke ana te rama.
③ Ka neke tahi te rama me te tēpu mahi.
2.2.1 Upoko Tapahi
Kei te pito o te pūnaha tuku hihi te pane tapahi taiaho, kei roto ko te karāhe arotahi me te pūwero tapahi.
Ko ngā arotahi arotahi ka whakarōpūhia e te roa arotahi. Ko te nuinga o ngā taputapu tapahi reera he maha ngā pane tapahi me ngā roa arotahi rerekē. Hei tauira, ko te tapahi reera CO₂, ko ngā roa arotahi noa ko te 127 mm (5 inihi) me te 190 mm (7.5 inihi). Ka puta he ira arotahi iti me te hohonu arotahi poto i roto i te arotahi poto, he mea pai hei whakaiti i te whānui o te kerf me te whakatutuki i ngā tapahi pai ake. Ka puta he ira arotahi nui ake me te hohonu arotahi roa i roto i te arotahi roa i roto i te arotahi. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā arotahi poto, ka taea e ngā arotahi roa te whakarato i te hihi arotahi me te kiato kaha reera e ranea ana mō te tukatuka rauemi tata ki te pūwāhi arotahi. Nō reira, ko ngā arotahi poto te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana mō te tapahi tika i ngā pereti angiangi, ko ngā arotahi roa te roa arotahi e hiahiatia ana mō ngā rauemi matotoru kia whiwhi ai i te hohonu arotahi e tika ana, kia iti ai te rerekētanga o te diameter ira me te kiato mana e ranea ana i roto i te awhe matotoru tapahi.
Ka whakamahia ngā karāhe arotahi hei arotahi i te hihi taiaho whakarara e pā ana ki te rama tapahi, kia iti ake ai te rahi o te ira me te kaha ake o te kaha. He mea hanga ngā karāhe ki ngā rauemi ka taea te tuku i te roangaru taiaho. He mea whakamahi noa te karāhe whatu mō ngā taiaho totoka, engari ko ngā rauemi pēnei i te ZnSe, GaAs, me te Ge ka whakamahia mō ngā taiaho hau CO₂ (nā te mea kāore te karāhe noa e mārama ki ngā hihi taiaho CO₂), ā, ko te ZnSe te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana.
Mō te tapahi taiaho, he mea pai te whakaiti i te whānui o te ira arotahi hei whakanui ake i te kaha o te arotahi, hei whakahohe hoki i te tapahi tere. Heoi, ko te roa arotahi poto ake o te arotahi ka hua ake he hohonutanga arotahi iti ake, ka uaua ai te whakatutuki i te mata tapahi poutū ina tapahia he pereti matotoru. Hei tāpiri, ko te roa arotahi poto ake ka whakaiti i te tawhiti i waenga i te arotahi me te mea mahi, ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te poke o te arotahi e ngā tauhiuhi rewa i te wā tapahi, ā, ka pā ki te mahi noa. Nō reira, me whakatau whānui te roa arotahi tika i runga i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te matotoru tapahi me ngā whakaritenga kounga tapahi.
2.2.2 Whakaata Whakaata
Ko te mahi a te whakaata whakaata he whakarerekē i te ahunga o te hihi e tukuna ana mai i te taiaho. Mō ngā hihi mai i ngā taiaho totoka, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā whakaata whakaata i hangaia ki te karāhe whatu. He rerekē, ko ngā whakaata whakaata i roto i ngā taputapu tapahi taiaho hau CO₂ he mea hanga ki te parahi, ki ngā konganuku rānei he nui te whakaata. Hei ārai i ngā kino i puta mai i te wera nui mai i te hihi taiaho i te wā e whakamahia ana, ka whakamataohia ngā whakaata whakaata ki te wai.
2.2.3 Pūwero
Ka whakamahia te pūwero hei rehu i te hau āwhina ki roto i te rohe tapahi, ā, he pānga tōna hanganga ki te pai me te kounga o te tapahi. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 4.11 i ngā āhua pūwero noa mō te tapahi taiaho; ko ngā āhua kōhao o te pūwero he porotaka, he kōniko, me ngā momo honohono-wehewehe.
Ko te kōwhiringa o te pūwero ka whakatauhia mā roto i ngā whakamātautau i runga i te rauemi me te matotoru o te mea mahi, me te pēhanga o te hau āwhina. Ko te tapahi reera he tikanga whakamahi i ngā pūwero coaxial (ko te rere o te hau he coaxial ki te tuaka whatu). Mena ehara te rere o te hau me te hihi reera i te coaxial, tera pea ka nui te tauhiuhi i te wā e tapahi ana. Me maeneene te pakitara o roto o te kōhao o te pūwero kia kore ai e araia te rere o te hau, kia kore ai hoki e pōrearea ka pā ki te kounga o te kerf. Hei whakarite i te pumau o te tapahi, me whakaiti te tawhiti i waenga i te mata pito o te pūwero me te mata o te mea mahi, mai i te 0.5 mm ki te 2.0 mm. Me tuku e te diameter o te kōhao o te pūwero te hihi reera kia haere marie, kia kore ai e pā te hihi ki te pakitara o roto o te kōhao. Ko te iti o te diameter o te kōhao, ko te uaua ake o te whakakotahi i te hihi. Mō tētahi pēhanga hau āwhina kua whakaritea, he whānuitanga pai rawa atu o ngā diameter o te kōhao o te pūwero. Ka ārai te kōhao iti rawa, nui rawa rānei i te tango i ngā hua rewa mai i te kerf, ā, ka pā ki te tere tapahi.
Kei ngā Pikitia 4.12 me 4.13 te awe o te whānui o te kōhao o te pūwero ki te tere tapahi i raro i te mana taiaho pumau me te pēhanga hau āwhina. Ka kitea he whānui pai o te kōhao o te pūwero e tutuki ai te tere tapahi mōrahi. Ko tēnei uara pai he tata ki te 1.5 mm ahakoa te hāora, te argon rānei e whakamahia ana hei hau āwhina.
E whakaatu ana ngā whakamātautau i te tapahi laser o ngā koranu mārō (he uaua ki te tapahi) he tino tata te diameter o te kōhao o te pūwero ki ngā hua o runga ake nei, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 4.14. Ka pā anō hoki te diameter o te kōhao o te pūwero ki te whānui o te kerf me te whānui o te rohe e pāngia ana e te wera (HAZ). E whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 4.15, me te pikinga ake o te diameter o te kōhao o te pūwero, ka piki ake te whānui o te kerf i te mea ka whaiti haere te whānui o te HAZ. Ko te take matua mō te whaiti haere o te HAZ ko te pānga whakamatao ake o te rere hau āwhina ki runga i te rauemi turanga i roto i te rohe tapahi.
2.3 Ngā Tawhā o ngā Taputapu Tapahi Taiaho
2.3.1 Ngā Taputapu Tapahi e Ārahihia ana e te Rama
I roto i ngā taputapu tapahi e peia ana e te rama, ka whakanohoia te rama tapahi ki runga i tētahi anga nekeneke, ka neke whakapae i te taha o te kurupae anga (tuaka-Y). Ka peia e te anga te rama kia neke i te taha o te tuaka-X, ko te mea mahi e mau ana ki runga i te tēpu mahi. Nā te mea kua whakaritea motuhaketia te rēseri me te rama tapahi, ka pāngia ngā āhuatanga tuku rēseri, te whakarara i te taha o te matawai rēseri, me te pumau o ngā whakaata whakaata i te wā o te tukanga tapahi.
Ka taea e ngā taputapu tapahi rama te tukatuka i ngā wahi mahi nunui. He iti noa te wāhi papa e nohoia ana e ia mō te rohe whakaputa tapahi, ā, ka taea te whakauru ngāwari ki ētahi atu taputapu hei hanga i tētahi raina whakaputa. Heoi, ko tōna tika o te tūnga he ±0.04 mm noa iho.
Ko te hanganga noa o ngā taputapu tapahi e peia ana e te rama e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 4.19. Kua whakamahia he mīhini tapahi taiaho CO₂ ngaru tonu, ko te tawhiti mai i te taiaho ki te rama tapahi he 18 m. Kia kore ai te huringa o te diameter hihi i runga i tēnei tawhiti tuku e whakararuraru i ngā mahi tapahi, me āta hoahoa te huinga o ngā whakaata oscillator.
Ko ngā tawhā hangarau matua o ngā taputapu tapahi rama e whai ake nei:
- Mana Putanga Taiaho: 1.5 kW (aratau kotahi), 3 kW (aratau maha)
- Te Hurihanga o te Rama: Tuaka-X 6.2 m, Tuaka-Y 2.6 m
- Tere Taraiwa: 0–10 m/min (ka taea te whakarite)
- Rama Whakaterenga o te tuaka-Z: 150 mm
- Tere Whakatikatika o te Rama-Z tuaka: 300 mm/min
- Rahi Mōrahi o te Pereti Rino Tukatuka: 12 mm × 2400 mm × 6000 mm
- Pūnaha Whakahaere: Aratau Whakahaere NC Whakauru
2.3.2 Ngā Taputapu Tapahi Ripanga-XY
I roto i ngā taputapu tapahi e peia ana e te tēpu XY, ka mau te rama tapahi ki runga i te anga, ā, ka whakatakotoria te mea mahi ki runga i te tēpu tapahi. Ka neke te tēpu tapahi i te taha o ngā tuaka X me Y e ai ki ngā whakahau NC, me te tere taraiwa ka taea te whakarerekē i te nuinga o te wā mai i te 0–1 m/min, 0–5 m/min rānei. Nā te mea ka noho pūmau te rama tapahi e pā ana ki te mea mahi, ka whakaitihia te pānga ki te whakaritenga me te pokapū o te hihi taiaho i te wā o te tukanga tapahi, ka whakarite kia ōrite, kia pumau hoki te mahi tapahi. Ina whakauruhia he tēpu tapahi iti e whakaatu ana i te tino tika o te miihini, ka tutuki i te mīhini te tika o te tūnga o te ±0.01 mm metino tika te tapahi, he mea tino pai mō te tapahi tika i ngā wāhanga iti. Hei tāpiri, kei te wātea ngā tēpu tapahi nui ake me te whiu tuaka-X o te 2300–2400 mm me te whiu tuaka-Y o te 1200–1300 mm mō te tukatuka i ngā wahi mahi nunui.
Ko ngā tawhā hangarau matua o ngā taputapu tapahi XY e peia ana e te tēpu koia ēnei:
- Pūtake Taiaho: taiaho hau CO₂ (momo ngongo tika-haurua-katia)
- Pūnaha Hiko Taiaho: Ngaohiko tāuru 200 VAC; Ngaohiko putanga 0–30 kV; Iahiko putanga mōrahi 100 mA
- Mana Putanga Taiaho: 550 W
- Te Whiu Ripanga Tapahi: Tuaka-X 2300 mm, Tuaka-Y 1300 mm
- Tere Taraiwa Ripanga Tapahi (Ka taea te whakarite i te taahiraa): 0.4–5.0 m/min, 0.2–2.5 m/min, 0.1–1.3 m/min, 0.05–0.6 m/min
- Rama Whakaterenga o te tuaka-Z: 180 mm
- Rahi Mōrahi o te Pereti Tukatuka: 6 mm × 1300 mm × 2300 mm
- Pūnaha Whakahaere: Aratau Mana Tau (NC)
2.3.3 Taputapu Tapahi Takirua-Pūkaha (Rama me te Tēpu)
Kei waenganui i ngā mīhini tapahi e rua-arataki (rama me te tēpu) ngā mīhini tapahi e rua-arataki me ngā mīhini tapahi e rua-arataki XY. Kei runga i te kurupae te rama tapahi, ā, ka neke whakapae i te taha o te kurupae kurupae (tuaka-Y), ko te tēpu tapahi ia ka aratakihia ki te taha roa. Ka whakakotahi tēnei hoahoa ranu i ngā painga o te tika o te tapahi me te whai huatanga penapena wāhi. Me te tika o te tūnga o te ±0.01 mm me te awhe tere tapahi ka taea te whakarite o te 0–20 m/min, ko tētahi o ngā mīhini tapahi e whakamahia whānuitia ana i te mākete. Ko ngā tauira nui ake o tēnei mīhini e tuku ana i te whiu tuaka-Y o te 2000 mm me te whiu tuaka-X o te 6000 mm, e taea ai te tapahi i ngā wahi mahi nui.
Kei runga i te anga whakarara te orooro taiaho i te taha o te rama tapahi. He tino tika te tapahi i ngā kōhao porowhita i tēnei whirihoranga. He nui hoki te whai huatanga o te mīhini: ka taea e ia te tapahi i ngā kōhao porowhita e 46 (10 mm te whānui) ia meneti i runga i te pereti maitai matotoru 1 mm.
2.3.4 Ngā Taputapu Tapahi Whakauru
I roto i tētahimīhini tapahi whakauru, ka tāutahia te pūtake taiaho ki runga i te anga, ka neke whakaroa me taua mea, i te wā e whakauruhia ana te rama tapahi ki tana tikanga taraiwa hei neke whakapae i te taha o te kurupae anga. Ka whakamahia e te mīhini te mana tau hei tapahi i ngā wāhanga āhua rerekē. Hei utu mō te rerekētanga o te roa o te ara whatu i puta mai i te nekehanga whakapae o te rama tapahi, he maha ngā wā ka whakauruhia he waeine whakatikatika roa ara whatu. Ka whakarite tēnei waeine i te hihi taiaho ōrite i roto i te rohe tapahi, ā, ka mau tonu te kounga o te mata tapahi.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-17-2025 
