Neke atu i te 60 tau te roa mai i te whakaputanga o te "hihiko mārama mārama" tuatahi i roto i tētahi taiwhanga o California i te tau 1960. E ai ki te kaihanga o te taiaho, a TH Maiman, "He otinga te taiaho e rapu ana i tētahi raruraru." Ko te taiaho, hei taputapu, kei te uru haere ki roto i ngā mara maha pērā i te tukatuka ahumahi, ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whatu, me te rorohiko raraunga.
Ko ngā kamupene taiaho Hainamana, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā "Kingi o te Whakakorikori", e whakawhirinaki ana ki te "utu-mō-te-rahinga" hei hopu i te hea mākete, engari ka utua e rātou te utu mō te hekenga o ngā hua.
Kua taka te mākete o roto ki te whakataetae nui, ā, kua tahuri ngā kamupene reihi ki waho, ka rere ki te rapu i tētahi "whenua hou" mō ngā reihi Hainamana. I te tau 2023, i tīmata mana a China Laser i tana "tau tuatahi o te haere ki tāwāhi." I te Munich International Light Expo i Tiamana i te mutunga o Hune o tēnei tau, neke atu i te 220 ngā kamupene Haina i puta mai i tētahi rōpū, koia te whenua me te maha o ngā kaiwhakaatu engari ko Tiamana manaaki.
Kua hipa te poti i ngā Maunga Tekau Mano? Me pēhea e taea ai e China Laser te whakawhirinaki ki te "rōrahi" hei tū pakari, ā, me aha e tika ana kia whakawhirinaki atu ai kia haere tonu ai?
1. Mai i te "tekau tau koura" ki te "mākete totohu"
Hei tohu mō ngā hangarau hou, kāore i roa te tīmatanga o ngā rangahau mō te umanga taiaho ā-rohe, tata tonu te tīmatanga me ngā rangahau o te ao. I puta te taiaho tuatahi o te ao i te tau 1960. Tata tonu i taua wā anō, i te marama o Ākuhata 1961, i whānau mai te taiaho tuatahi o Haina i te Changchun Institute of Optics and Mechanics o te Chinese Academy of Sciences.
I muri i tērā, ka whakatūria ngā kamupene taputapu rēseri nui o te ao, tētahi i muri i tētahi. I te tekau tau tuatahi o te hītori o te rēseri, ka whānau mai a Bystronic me Coherent. I te tekau tau atu i 1970, ka whakatūria a II-VI me Prima. I tīmata anō hoki a TRUMPF, te kaiārahi o ngā taputapu mīhini, i te tau 1977. Whai muri i te whakahokinga mai i te rēseri CO₂ mai i tana haerenga ki te United States i te tau 2016, ka tīmata te pakihi rēseri a TRUMPF.
I te ara o te ahumahi, i tīmata ngā kamupene reihi Hainamana i te mutunga o te wā. I whakatūria a Han's Laser i te tau 1993, i whakatūria a Huagong Technology i te tau 1999, i whakatūria a Chuangxin Laser i te tau 2004, i whakatūria a JPT i te tau 2006, ā, i whakatūria a Raycus Laser i te tau 2007. Kāore i te whai painga tuatahi ēnei kamupene reihi taitamariki, engari kei a rātou te kaha ki te anga whakamua i muri mai.
I roto i ngā tau 10 kua pahure ake nei, kua pāngia ngā taiaho Hainamana e te "tekau tau koura" ā, kei te tino tere te "whakakapinga ā-rohe". Mai i te tau 2012 ki te tau 2022, ka neke atu te tere tipu ā-tau o te umanga taputapu tukatuka taiaho o tōku whenua i te 10%, ā, ka eke te uara putanga ki te 86.2 piriona yuan i te tau 2022.
I roto i ngā tau e rima kua pahure ake nei, kua tere te whakatairanga a te mākete reera muka i te whakakapinga ā-rohe i te tere e kitea ana e te kanohi tahanga. Kua piki ake te wāhanga mākete o ngā reera muka ā-rohe mai i raro iho i te 40% ki te tata ki te 70% i roto i ngā tau e rima. Kua tino heke te wāhanga mākete o American IPG, te reera muka matua, i Haina mai i te 53% i te tau 2017 ki te 28% i te tau 2022.
Pikitia: Te āhua whakataetae o te mākete muka reera o Haina mai i te tau 2018 ki te 2022 (pūtake raraunga: China Laser Industry Development Report)
Kaua e kōrero mō te mākete hiko iti, kua eke ki te taumata whakakapinga ā-rohe. Mai i te "whakataetae 10,000-watt" i te mākete hiko teitei, ka whakataetae ngā kaihanga ā-rohe tetahi ki tetahi, me te whakaatu i te "China Speed" ki te tino taumata. E 13 tau te roa o te IPG mai i te tukunga o te reihi muka ā-ahumahi 10-watt tuatahi o te ao i te tau 1996 ki te tukunga o te reihi muka 10,000-watt tuatahi, engari e 5 tau noa iho te roa o te Raycus Laser ki te neke atu i te 10 watts ki te 10,000 watts.
I roto i te whakataetae 10,000-watt, kua uru atu ngā kaihanga o te rohe ki te pakanga tetahi i muri i tetahi, ā, kei te tere haere whakamua te rohe i te tere whakamataku. I ēnei rā, ehara te 10,000 watts i te kupu hou, engari he tīkiti mō ngā umanga ki te whakauru atu ki te porowhita laser tonu. E toru tau ki muri, i te whakaaturanga a Chuangxin Laser i tana laser muka 25,000-watt i te Shanghai Munich Light Expo, i puta ai he raruraru waka. Heoi, i ngā whakaaturanga laser maha i tēnei tau, kua noho te "10,000 watt" hei paerewa mō ngā umanga, ā, tae noa ki te 30,000 watt, ko te tapanga 60,000-watt te ahua noa hoki. I te tīmatanga o Hepetema o tēnei tau, i whakarewahia e Pentium me Chuangxin te mīhini tapahi laser 85,000-watt tuatahi o te ao, ka pakaruhia anō te rekoata wattage laser.
I tēnei wā, kua mutu te whakataetae 10,000-wati. Kua whakakapia katoatia e ngā mīhini tapahi taiaho ngā tikanga tukatuka tuku iho pērā i te tapahi plasma me te mura i roto i te mara o te tapahi pereti waenga me te matotoru. Kāore e nui te whai wāhi a te whakanui ake i te mana taiaho ki te pai o te tapahi, engari ka piki ake ngā utu me te whakapaunga pūngao.
Pikitia: Ngā panonitanga o ngā reiti huamoni kupenga o ngā kamupene taiaho mai i te tau 2014 ki te 2022 (pūtake raraunga: Wind)
Ahakoa he wikitoria tino nui te whakataetae 10,000-wati, i pā mai anō hoki te "pakanga utu" kaha ki te umanga taiaho. E rima tau noa iho te roa i mua i te pakaru o te wahanga ā-rohe o ngā taiaho muka, ā, e rima tau noa iho te roa i mua i te hurihanga o te umanga taiaho muka mai i ngā hua nui ki ngā hua iti. I roto i ngā tau e rima kua pahure ake nei, he huarahi nui ngā rautaki whakaheke utu mō ngā kamupene ārahi ā-rohe ki te whakanui ake i te wahanga mākete. Kua "tauhokohoko utu mō te rahinga" ngā taiaho ā-rohe, ā, kua waipuke ki te mākete hei whakataetae ki ngā kaihanga o tāwāhi, ā, kua piki haere te "pakanga utu".
I hokona he reihi muka 10,000-wati mō te 2 miriona yuan i te tau 2017. I te tau 2021, kua whakaitihia e ngā kaihanga o te whare tōna utu ki te 400,000 yuan. Nā tōna painga utu nui, i herea te hea mākete o Raycus Laser ki a IPG mō te wā tuatahi i te hauwhā tuatoru o te tau 2021, ā, i tutuki ai he putanga nui i roto i te whakakapinga o te whare.
I te taenga mai o te tau 2022, i te mea kei te piki haere tonu te maha o ngā kamupene taiaho ā-rohe, kua uru ngā kaihanga taiaho ki te wāhanga "whakauru" o te whakataetae tetahi ki tetahi. Kua neke te papa pakanga matua o te pakanga utu taiaho mai i te wāhanga hua iti-mana 1-3 kW ki te wāhanga hua nui-mana 6-50 kW, ā, kei te whakataetae ngā kamupene ki te whakawhanake i ngā taiaho muka mana teitei ake. I whakarewahia e ngā tīkitipati utu, ngā tīkitipati ratonga, ā, i whakarewahia e ētahi kaihanga ā-rohe he mahere "kore utu tāpui", me te tuku taputapu kore utu ki ngā kaihanga o raro mō te whakamātautau, ā, ka kaha te whakataetae.
I te mutunga o te "hurihuri", kāore ngā kamupene reihi werawera i tatari mō te kotinga pai. I te tau 2022, ka heke te utu o ngā reihi muka i te mākete Haina mā te 40-80% ia tau. Kua heke ngā utu ā-rohe o ētahi hua ki te kotahi tekau o ngā utu kawemai. Ko te nuinga o ngā kamupene e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakapiki i ngā tuku hei pupuri i ngā tawhē hua. Kua kite te kamupene reihi muka nui ā-rohe a Raycus i te pikinga nui o ngā tuku ia tau, engari kua heke tana moni whiwhi whakahaere mā te 6.48% ia tau, ā, kua heke tana moni whiwhi kupenga mā te neke atu i te 90% ia tau. Ko te nuinga o ngā kaihanga ā-rohe ko ā rātou mahi matua he reihi ka kite i te hekenga o ngā hua kupenga i te tau 2022.
Pikitia: Te ia o te "pakanga utu" i roto i te mara taiaho (pūtake raraunga: i kohia mai i ngā mōhiohio tūmatanui)
Ahakoa kua pāngia ngā kamupene matua o tāwāhi e ngā hinganga i roto i te "pakanga utu" i te mākete Haina, i runga anō i ō rātou turanga hōhonu, kāore ā rātou mahi i heke engari i piki ake.
Nā te mana pupuri a TRUMPF Group i te pakihi pūtake mārama mīhini tuhi EUV a te kamupene hangarau Tatimana ASML, i piki ake te nui o āna ota i te tau pūtea 2022 mai i te 3.9 piriona euros i te wā kotahi o te tau kua hipa ki te 5.6 piriona euros, he pikinga nui o ia tau o te 42%; i piki ake ngā hoko a Gaoyi i te tau pūtea 2022 i muri i te hokonga o Guanglian Revenue mā te 7% ia tau, ā, i eke te nui o āna ota ki te US$4.32 piriona, he pikinga o ia tau o te 29%. I hipa ake te mahi i ngā tumanakohanga mō te hauwhā tuawhā karapīpiti.
Whai muri i te ngaronga o te mana i roto i te mākete Haina, te mākete nui rawa atu mō te tukatuka taiaho, ka taea tonu e ngā kamupene o tāwāhi te whakatutuki i te mahi tino pai rawa atu. He aha tā tātou e ako ai i te ara whanaketanga taiaho o ngā kamupene matua o te ao?
2. "Whakaurunga poutū" vs. "Whakaurunga hauroki"
Ina hoki, i mua i te taenga o te mākete ā-rohe ki te 10,000 watts me te whakarewatanga o te "pakanga utu", kua oti i ngā kamupene matua o tāwāhi te hurihanga i mua i te wā i whakaritea. Heoi, ko tā rātou i "whakahaere" ehara i te utu, engari ko te whakatakotoranga hua, ā, kua tīmata rātou i te whakaurunga mekameka ahumahi mā roto i ngā hanumitanga me ngā hoko.
I roto i te mara o te tukatuka taiaho, kua tangohia e ngā kamupene matua o te ao ngā ara e rua: i runga i te huarahi o te whakaurunga poutū huri noa i te mekameka ahumahi hua kotahi, kei mua a IPG i tētahi taahiraa; i te mea kua whiriwhiria e ngā kamupene e tohuhia ana e TRUMPF me Coherent te "whakaurunga Oblique" ko te tikanga o te whakaurunga poutū me te whakawhānui rohe whakapae "me ngā ringa e rua." Kua tīmata haere ngā kamupene e toru i ō rātou ake wā, arā, ko te wā muka whatu e tohuhia ana e IPG, ko te wā kōpae e tohuhia ana e TRUMPF, me te wā hau (tae atu ki te excimer) e tohuhia ana e Coherent.
Ko IPG te rangatira o te mākete me ngā muka reera. Mai i tōna whakarārangitanga i te tau 2006, haunga te raruraru pūtea i te tau 2008, kei te taumata teitei tonu te moni whiwhi me ngā hua whakahaere. Mai i te tau 2008, kua riro mai i a IPG he raupapa o ngā kaihanga me ngā hangarau taputapu pēnei i ngā wehewehe whatu, ngā karāhe hononga whatu, ngā whatu muka, me ngā kōwae whatu, tae atu ki a Photonics Innovations, JPSA, Mobius Photonics, me Menara Networks, hei whakahaere i te whakaurunga poutū ki roto i te mekameka ahumahi muka reera.
I te tau 2010, kua oti te whakaurunga poutū a IPG ki runga. Tata ki te 100% te kaha whakaputa-ake a te kamupene mō ngā wāhanga matua, he nui ake i ōna hoa whakataetae. Hei tāpiri, i ārahi rātou i te hangarau, ā, i whakatū i te huarahi hangarau whakakaha muka tuatahi o te ao. I roto a IPG i te mara o ngā reera muka. Noho pūmau ana ki runga i te torona o te mana o te ao.
Pikitia: Te tukanga whakauru mekameka ahumahi IPG (pūtake raraunga: kohikohinga o ngā mōhiohio tūmatanui)
I tēnei wā, kua uru ngā kamupene taiaho ā-rohe, e mauheretia ana i roto i te "pakanga utu", ki te wāhanga "whakauru poutū". Ka whakauru poutū te mekameka ahumahi ki runga, ka whakatinana i te hanga-ake o ngā wāhanga matua, ā, ka whakarei ake i te reo o ngā hua i te mākete.
I te tau 2022, i te mea ka nui haere te kaha o te "pakanga utu", ka tere haere te tukanga kimi i ngā taputapu matua. He maha ngā kaihanga taiaho kua angitu i roto i te hangarau taiaho whakakikorua-rua (whakakikorua-toru) ā-papa nui; kua tino piki ake te tere hanga-ake o ngā wāhanga kore mahi; kei te piki haere te rongonui o ngā momo whakakapi ā-rohe pēnei i ngā wehewehe, ngā whakakotahi, ngā whakakotahi, ngā hononga, me ngā whariki muka. Kua pakeke. Kua tangohia e ngā kamupene matua pēnei i a Raycus me Chuangxin te huarahi whakauru poutū, kua uru nui ki ngā taiaho muka, ā, kua āta whakatutukihia te mana motuhake o ngā wāhanga mā te whakanui ake i te rangahau me te whanaketanga hangarau me ngā hanumi me ngā hoko.
I te mutunga o te "pakanga" i roa nei mō ngā tau maha, kua tere ake te tukanga whakauru o te mekameka ahumahi o ngā umanga matua, ā, i taua wā anō, kua kitea e ngā umanga iti me ngā umanga waenga te whakataetae rerekē i roto i ngā otinga ritenga. I te tau 2023, kua ngoikore te ia o te pakanga utu i roto i te umanga taiaho, ā, kua tino piki ake te hua o ngā kamupene taiaho. I eke a Raycus Laser ki te hua kupenga o te 112 miriona yuan i te haurua tuatahi o te tau 2023, he pikinga o te 412.25%, ā, i te mutunga ka puta mai i te atarangi o te "pakanga utu".
Ko te māngai matua o tētahi atu ara whanaketanga "whakaurunga whakarara" ko TRUMPF Group. I tīmata tuatahi a TRUMPF Group hei kamupene taputapu mīhini. I te tīmatanga ko ngā reera hauhā waro te nuinga. I muri mai, i hokona e ia a HüTTINGER (1990), HAAS Laser Co., Ltd. (1991), Saxony Machine Tools and Special Machine Tools Co., Ltd. (1992), ā, i whakawhānui ake i tana pakihi reera totoka. I roto i te pakihi reera me te mīhini tapahi wai, i whakarewahia te reera kōpae whakamātautau tuatahi i te tau 1999, ā, mai i taua wā kua mau tonu te tūranga matua i roto i te mākete kōpae. I te tau 2008, i hokona e TRUMPF a SPI, i kaha ki te whakataetae ki a IPG, mō te US$48.9 miriona, ka kawea mai ngā reera muka ki roto i tana rohe pakihi. He maha hoki ngā nekehanga kua mahia e ia i roto i te mara o ngā reera tino tere. Kua riro tonu i a ia ngā kaihanga taiaho pūoro poto rawa a Amphos (2018) me Active Fiber Systems GmbH (2022), ā, kei te whakakī tonu i te āputa i roto i te tahora o ngā hangarau taiaho tere rawa pērā i ngā kōpae, ngā pereti me te whakanui muka. "panga". Haunga te tahora whakapae o ngā hua taiaho rerekē pērā i ngā taiaho kōpae, ngā taiaho hauhā waro, me ngā taiaho muka, he pai hoki te mahi a TRUMPF Group i roto i te whakaurunga poutū o te mekameka ahumahi. Ka whakarato hoki i ngā hua taputapu mīhini katoa ki ngā kamupene o raro, ā, he painga whakataetae anō hoki kei a ia i roto i te mara o ngā taputapu mīhini.
Pikitia: Te tukanga whakauru mekameka ahumahi a TRUMPF Group (pūtake raraunga: kohikohinga o ngā mōhiohio tūmatanui)
Mā tēnei ara ka taea te whakaputa-ā-ake poutū o te raina katoa mai i ngā wāhanga matua ki ngā taputapu katoa, ka whakatakoto whakapae i ngā hua reihi maha-hangarau, ā, ka haere tonu te whakawhānui i ngā rohe hua. Ko Han's Laser me Huagong Technology, ngā kamupene ā-rohe matua i te mara reihi, kei te whai i te ara kotahi, ko rātou te tuatahi me te tuarua i roto i ngā kaihanga ā-rohe mō ngā moni whiwhi mahi puta noa i te tau.
Ko te pōuriuri o ngā rohe o runga me raro he āhuatanga noa o te umanga taiaho. Nā te whakakotahitanga me te whakarerekētanga o te hangarau, kāore i te teitei te paepae whakauru. Nā ō rātou ake turanga me te whakatenatena pūtea, kāore i te maha ngā kaihanga o roto e kaha ana ki te "whakatuwhera i ngā rohe hou" i ngā ara rerekē. Kāore i te kitea pinepine. I ngā tau tata nei, kua āta whakapakari ake ētahi atu kaihanga o roto i ō rātou kaha whakauru, ā, kua āta pōuriuri haere i ngā rohe o te mekameka ahumahi. Ko ngā whanaungatanga taketake o runga me raro o te mekameka tuku kua āta whanake hei whakataetae, me te whakataetae nui i roto i ia hononga.
Nā te whakataetae taumaha kua tere te whakatipu i te umanga reihi o Haina, ka hangaia he "taika" kāore e wehi i ngā hoa whakataetae o tāwāhi, ā, ka tere te whakatairanga i te tukanga o te rohe. Heoi anō, kua hangaia hoki he āhuatanga "ora-me-te-mate" o ngā "pakanga utu" nui rawa atu me te whakataetae ōrite. Kua whiwhi ngā kamupene reihi Hainamana i tētahi tūranga pakari mā te whakawhirinaki ki ngā "roera". Ka aha rātou ā muri ake nei?
3. Ngā whakaritenga e rua: Te whakatakoto i ngā hangarau hou me te tūhura i ngā mākete o tāwāhi
Mā te whakawhirinaki ki ngā mahi auaha hangarau, ka taea e tātou te whakaoti i te raruraru o te whakapau moni hei whakakapi i te mākete ki ngā utu iti; mā te whakawhirinaki ki ngā kaweake taiaho, ka taea e tātou te whakaoti i te raruraru o te whakataetae nui i te mākete o roto.
I ngā wā o mua, kua uaua ngā kamupene taiaho Hainamana ki te hopu i ngā kaiārahi o tāwāhi. I roto i te horopaki o te arotahi ki te whakakapinga ā-rohe, ko ia huringa nui o te mākete ka arahina e ngā kamupene o tāwāhi, me ngā waitohu ā-rohe e whai ake ana i roto i te 1-2 tau me te whakakapi i ngā hua me ngā tono ā-rohe i muri i te pakeketanga. I tēnei wā, kei te kitea tonu te āhuatanga o ngā kamupene o tāwāhi e ārahi ana i te whakatinanatanga o ngā tono i roto i ngā ahumahi e puta ake ana i raro i te whenua, i te mea kei te whakatairanga tonu ngā hua ā-rohe i te whakakapinga.
Kaua te "whakakapinga" e mutu i te whai i te "whakakapinga". I tēnei wā kei roto te umanga rēseri o Haina i te whanaketanga o te huringa, kei te āta whakawhāiti haere te āputa i waenga i ngā hangarau rēseri matua a ngā kaihanga o roto me ngā whenua o tāwāhi. Ko te mea nui ko te whakatinanatanga o ngā hangarau hou me te rapu huarahi ki te hipa i ngā kokonga, kia kore ai e "whakamahi i te wā pai mō te utu-mō-te-rahinga."
I te nuinga o te wā, me tautuhi te putanga ahumahi e whai ake nei mō te whakatakotoranga o ngā hangarau hou. Kua pahure te tukatuka reera i tētahi wā tapahi e whakahaerehia ana e te tapahi pepa whakarewa me tētahi wā whakarewa i whakaohokia e te pikinga o te pūngao hou. Tērā pea ka huri te huringa ahumahi e whai ake nei ki ngā mara tukatuka-iti pēnei i ngā pan-semiconductors, ā, ka tukuna e ngā reera me ngā taputapu reera e rite ana te tono nui. Ka huri anō hoki te "wāhi ōrite" o te ahumahi mai i te "whakataetae 10,000-watt" taketake o ngā reera tonu kaha-tiketike ki te "whakataetae tino tere" o ngā reera pupuhi poto-poto.
Mā te titiro motuhake ki ngā wāhanga kua wehea ake, ka taea e tātou te arotahi ki ngā putanga hou i roto i ngā wāhanga tono hou mai i te "0 ki te 1" i te wā o te huringa hangarau hou. Hei tauira, e matapaetia ana ka eke te tere urunga o ngā pūtau perovskite ki te 31% i muri i te tau 2025. Heoi, kāore e taea e ngā taputapu taiaho taketake te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga tika tukatuka o ngā pūtau perovskite. Me whakatinana e ngā kamupene taiaho ngā taputapu taiaho hou i mua i te wā kia tutuki ai te mana motuhake o te hangarau matua. , whakapai ake i te tawhē hua moni o ngā taputapu me te hopu tere i te mākete ā-muri. Hei tāpiri, me arotahi hoki ki ngā horopaki tono whai hua pēnei i te rokiroki pūngao, te tiaki hauora, te whakaaturanga me ngā ahumahi haurua-ira (te tango taiaho, te whakamahana taiaho, te whakawhiti papatipu), te "AI + te hanga taiaho", me ētahi atu.
I te whanaketanga tonu o te hangarau me ngā hua taiaho ā-rohe, e matapaetia ana ka noho te taiaho hei kāri pakihi mā ngā umanga Hainamana ki te haere ki tāwāhi. Ko te tau 2023 te "tau tuatahi" mō ngā taiaho ki te haere ki tāwāhi. I te aroaro o ngā mākete nui o tāwāhi e hiahia ana kia pakaru wawe, ka whai ngā taputapu taiaho i ngā kaihanga tono whakamutunga ki te haere ki tāwāhi, inā koa ko te umanga pākahiko lithium "tino ārahi" o Haina me te umanga motuka hiko hou, ka whakarato i ngā whai wāhitanga mō te kaweake i ngā taputapu taiaho. Ka kawea mai e te moana ngā whai wāhitanga hītori.
I tēnei wā, kua noho te haere ki tāwāhi hei whakaaro whānui o te umanga, ā, kua tīmata ngā kamupene matua ki te mahi ki te whakawhānui ake i te tahora ki tāwāhi. I te tau kua hipa, i kī a Han's Laser kei te whakamahere rātou ki te haumi i te US$60 miriona hei whakatū i tētahi apiti "Green Energy Industry Development Co., Ltd." i te Hononga o Amerika hei tūhura i te mākete o Amerika; kua whakatū a Lianying i tētahi apiti i Tiamana hei tūhura i te mākete o Ūropi, ā, kua mahi tahi me ētahi wheketere pākahiko o Ūropi. Ka whakahaerehia e mātou he whakawhitiwhiti hangarau me ngā OEM; ka arotahi hoki a Haimixing ki te tūhura i ngā mākete o tāwāhi mā roto i ngā kaupapa whakawhānui o ngā wheketere pākahiko o te kāinga me te ao ke me ngā kaihanga waka.
Ko te painga utu te "kāri toa" mō ngā kamupene reihi Hainamana ki te haere ki tāwāhi. He mārama ngā painga utu mō ngā taputapu reihi ā-rohe. Whai muri i te whakaurunga o ngā reihi me ngā wāhanga matua ki te rohe, kua tino heke te utu o ngā taputapu reihi, ā, kua heke hoki ngā utu i te whakataetae nui. Kua noho ko Āhia-Moananui-a-Kiwa me Ūropi hei wāhi matua mō ngā kaweake reihi. Whai muri i te haerenga ki tāwāhi, ka taea e ngā kaihanga ā-rohe te whakaoti i ngā tauwhitinga i ngā utu teitei ake i ngā whakahua ā-rohe, ka nui ake te hua.
Heoi, kei te iti tonu te ōwehenga o ngā hua rēseri e kaweake ana i roto i te uara putanga o te umanga rēseri o Haina, ā, ko te haere ki tāwāhi ka pāngia e ngā raruraru pēnei i te koretake o te pānga waitohu me te ngoikore o ngā kaha ratonga ā-rohe. He ara roa, he ara uaua tonu ki te "haere whakamua".
Ko te hītori whanaketanga o te taiaho i Haina he hītori o te pakanga nanakia i runga i te ture o te ngahere.
I roto i ngā tau tekau kua pahure ake nei, kua pāngia ngā kamupene reihi e te "whakataetae 10,000-watt" me ngā "pakanga utu" ā, kua hangaia he "mua" ka taea te whakataetae ki ngā waitohu o tāwāhi i te mākete o roto. Ko ngā tau tekau e whai ake nei he wā nui mō ngā reihi o roto kia neke atu i te "mākete totohu" ki te auahatanga hangarau, mai i te whakakapinga o roto ki te mākete o te ao. Mā te hikoi pai i tēnei ara anake ka taea e te umanga reihi Hainamana te whakatutuki i tana huringa mai i te "whai me te oma taha" ki te peke "ārahi".
Wā tuku: Oketopa-23-2023
