1.1 Papamuri Rangahau
I te tere haere o te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao me te hangarau,ngā āheinga atamaikei te whakapai tonu, ā, kua waiho te hanga atamai hei ia o te whanaketanga ahumahi. Hei tauira, e whakaatu ana ngā raraunga i tukuna e te Manatū Ahumahi Mōhiohio o Haina i eke te hanga atamai ā-rohe ki te tipu whakamiharo o te 11.6% i te tau 2023—he tohu ki ngā mahi tonu a te motu me te auahatanga hangarau i tēnei mara. I tua atu, kua tino piki ake te maha o ngā auahatanga i waenga i ngā umanga hanga atamai, tae atu ki ngā rāngai pēnei i te hanga taputapu teitei, ngā rauemi matatau, me ngā hangarau taiao, e whakaata ana i te ora me te huringa nui o te ahumahi. Kāore i te hurihia noa e tēnei ia ngā tikanga hanga tuku iho engari i tere ake hoki te whakapai ake i te ahumahi, me te whakarei ake i te pai me te kounga. Kei te piki haere te whakakapinga o ngā raina hanga aunoa me ngā karetao ahumahi i ngā mahi a te tangata.
I te whanaketanga o tewā hanga atamai, ko ngā āhuatanga hangarau tino aunoa me te mohio o ngā karetao ahumahi e tino rite ana ki ngā tono e tipu haere ana o te umanga hanga mo te tino tika, te ngāwari o te mahi, me te ngāwari i roto i ngā tukanga whakaputa. Nā tēnei kua whakanui ake i tō rātou hiranga i roto i te hanga, ka waiho hei kaha matua e akiaki ana i te panonitanga ahumahi me te whakapai ake. Ko ngā karetao mahi tahi—ngā taputapu ahumahi e kaha ana ki te whakatutuki i te mahi tahi mīhini-ki-mīhini me te tangata-karetao—kua puta hei arotahi matua i roto i te rangahau karetao nā ō rātou whanonga motuhake me ngā āheinga mahi tahi, e whakanoho ana i a rātou ki te whai wāhi nui i roto i ngā karetao ahumahi a meake nei. I roto i te hangarau karetao mahi tahi, ko ngā inenga mahi motuka servo—tae atu ki te tere urupare taipana, te tika o te taipana, te tika o te tūnga, te kai hiko, me te pumau o te pāmahana—ka whakatau tika i te pai o te nekehanga, te pumau, me te tika o te karetao. Hei matua hiko o ngā karetao, he tino pānga te mahi a ngā pūnaha servo ki te tika me te pono o te nekehanga. He mea nui, he mahi nui tā ngā motuka servo hononga ki te whakatutuki i te tika o te tūnga. Mā te motuka servo hononga pai ka whakarite kia tika te tūnga me te nekehanga pumau i roto i ngā mahi uaua, kia pai ake ai te pai o te mahi me te whakaiti i ngā hapa.
Ko te "Mahere Tau Rima 14 mō te Whakawhanaketanga Ahumahi Robot" e aro nui ana ki te whakatairanga i ngā rangahau mō ngā hononga robotic mohio kua whakauruhia, ā, he tino pai ēnei hononga mō ngā robots mahi tahi. Ko tā rātou ariā hoahoa tino whakauru ka whakauru i ngā kaiwhakaoho, ngā pūoko, me ngā taraiwa ki roto tonu i te hononga, ka huri i ia hononga hei wae whakahaere takitahi. Mā te arotau i te hanganga me te tahora o roto, ka whakaitihia e te hoahoa whakahaere tohatoha te maha o ngā taura i waenga i ngā taumata pūnaha rerekē, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā utu tiaki me te whakarei ake i te pono whānui. Ka āwhina hoki te hoahoa modular i te whakakapinga me te tiaki hononga kia māmā ake, ka whakanui ake i te whakataetae mākete o ngā robots mahi tahi.
Tete ariā o ngā karetao mahi tahii whakaurua tuatahitia i te tau 1996, me tōna whakaaro hoahoa e huri ana i te hangarau karetao tuku iho mā te whakahohe i ngā mahi whakarite i waenga i ngā karetao me ngā tāngata i runga i ngā raina whakaputa. Ehara i te mea ka whakamahia noa e tēnei huarahi mahi tahi te whai huatanga me te tika o ngā karetao engari ka whakauruhia hoki te mohio me te ngāwari o te tangata, ka whakarei ake i te whai huatanga mahi me te rere. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā karetao ahumahi tuku iho, he rerekē ngā āhuatanga o ngā karetao mahi tahi, ka whakatū i a rātou anō hei wāhanga iti nui i roto i te mara karetao. Kua nui ngā whakarerekētanga o ō rātou hanganga tinana me ngā pūnaha whakahaere. Ko ngā karetao ahumahi tuku iho—pērā i ngā whirihoranga ringa karetao e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 1—e whakamahia ana i roto i te whakapūtātanga papa, te whakahaere rauemi, te whakarewa, me ngā tono tapahi laser. Ahakoa he pakari teitei ēnei karetao, he pumau hanganga, me te kaha kawe kawenga kaha, he iti hoki ō rātou herenga: he rahi me te papatipu nui, he nui te koretake o te nekehanga, he hoahoa nui me te koretake o te ngāwari, me te kore e taea te mahi i ngā mahi huihuinga tino tere. Hei tāpiri, ko ō rātou nekehanga koretake nui me ngā nekehanga tere teitei he nui ngā mōrearea haumaru ki ngā kaimahi i roto i tō rātou rohe mahi, e hiahiatia ana te mahi i roto i ngā wāhi kua kati.
Pikitia 1 Ngā ringa karetao ahumahi tuku iho me ngā karetao mahi tahi
Mā ngā karetao mahi tahi ka taea te mahi tahi me te tangata i roto i ngā wāhi tiritahi, ā, ka taea hoki te taunekeneke tata i roto i ngā rohe mahi tahi. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā ringa karetao tuku iho, ko te kawenga mōrahi o ngā karetao mahi tahi he 20 kg te nuinga o te wā i tō rātou pito whakamutunga, me te whānuitanga mahi e rite ana ki te toro atu o te ringa tangata. He māmā ake tō rātou hanganga i tō ngā ringa karetao ahumahi tuku iho, he matatini ngā tikanga tuku, me te tuku urupare kaha tairongo, ngāwari māmā, me ngā āheinga mārama pakari. Mā ēnei āhuatanga ka taea e rātou te whakarerekē i te kaha i roto i ngā taunekeneke tangata, ka ārai pai i te kino tutu. Nō reira, ka taea e ngā karetao mahi tahi te mahi tahi haumaru me te tangata ki te whakaoti i ngā mahi me te kore e hiahiatia he arai haumaru tuku iho.
Ka uru ngā karetao mahi tahi ki ngā mahi whakapā-tangata tika; nō reira, he mea nui te haumaru i roto i te mahi tahi a te tangata me te karetao. He mea nui kia tino whakahaeretia te mana whakahaere me te taipana hurihuri me te whakamahi i ngā tikanga hangarau pēnei i te whakahaere iahiko, te whakahaere taipana, ngā pūoko whakapā, me te kimi tukinga hei ārai i ngā whara ki ngā kaimahi. Me arotau anō hoki ngā pūnaha whakahaere taraiwa atamai o ngā karetao mō te whakahaere haumaru, kia taea ai te whakahaere maeneene urutau mā roto i ngā tatau hihiri me te whakatauira e ahu mai ana i te kaimātakitaki.
I roto i tētahi rangahau tata nei, i whakamāramahia e te International Federation of Robotics (IFR) ko te whanaketanga o ngā karetao ā muri ake nei ka whakaatu i ngā au ki te māmā, te ngāwari o te whakamahi, te ngāwari, me te mahi tahi haumaru. Ka piki haere ngā taumata o te aunoatanga me te mohio o ngā karetao ahumahi; mā te hoahoa ngāwari-kaiwhakamahi ka whakaitihia ngā arai whakahaere, ka taea ai e ngā umanga maha atu te whakamahi ngāwari i te hangarau karetao hei whakarei ake i te pai o te whakaputa. I taua wā, mā ngā hoahoa e whakaatu ana i te ngāwari me te kaha mahi tahi haumaru ka taea e ngā karetao te urutau pai ake ki ngā taiao whakaputa kanorau me te uaua, ka āwhina i te mahi tahi tangata-karetao me te whakatairanga ake i te whanaketanga mohio me te whai hua o te whakaputa ahumahi.
Pikitia 2: Te wāhi mahi o te karetao mahi tahi
1.2 Te Hiranga o te Rangahau
I roto i te mākete karetao mahi tahi o nāianei, e paingia ana ngā karetao e whitu-tohu-o-te-herekore mō ō rātou whānuitanga mahi me te ngāwari. Ka whakaratohia e ēnei karetao ngā tohu herekore koretake, e tuku ana i te kaha nui ake mō te aunoatanga ahumahi me te hanga atamai. Ka tutukihia ia tohu o te herekore mā te hononga karetao, he mea nui ki te whakatau i te mahi karetao. Ko ngā kaihanga nui e whā—FANUC, ABB, Yaskawa, me KUKA—e whakamahi ana i ngā pūnaha tuku motuhake i roto i ō rātou ringa karetao ahumahi tuku iho; heoi, ko te tikanga ka whakamahia e rātou ngā motuka servo e honoa ana ki ngā taputapu bevel, ngā taputapu spur, ngā whitiki tukutahi rānei hei tuku mana ki ngā hononga mō te hurihanga. Ka whakawhāitihia e ēnei tikanga tuku te rahi o ngā hononga karetao. Ahakoa ka taea te whakatutuki i te tino tika, he uaua tonu te whakaiti. E ai ki te whakaaturanga i te Pikitia 3, me whakamahi ngā karetao ahumahi tuku iho i ngā kāpata whakahaere o waho e pupuri ana i ngā puku servo motuka, me ngā waea maha e hono ana i ia motuka ki te kāpata, ā, ka whakawhāiti i te whakatinanatanga ngāwari o ngā pūnaha whakahaere.
Pikitia 3 Te karetao ahumahi tuku iho me te kāpata whakahaere
I te mea kāore e taea e ngā whirihoranga hononga tuku iho o ngā ringa karetao ahumahi te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o ngā karetao mahi tahi, kua whakarērea e ēnei hononga ngā tikanga tuku tuku iho, ā, kua huri ki tētahi rapunga whakaaro hoahoa hou. Ko te arotahi o tēnei huarahi ko te whakatutuki i ngā pūnaha māmā, iti-ngaohiko, me te tino whakauru mā te whakauru i te kaiwhakahaere, te taraiwa servo, me te motuka i roto i te hononga tonu, me ngā hononga hiko kei raro hoki e whakatinanahia ana ki roto. He iti noa iho ngā atanga whakahaere e whakaatuhia ana ki waho, e whakangawari ana i ngā waea o waho, e whakaiti ana hoki i te uaua o te hangarau. Ka kiia tēnei hoahoa he hononga whakauru.
I runga i ngā hiahia whanaketanga me ngā au o nāianei mō ngā hononga karetao mahi tahi, he mea tino nui te hoahoa i tētahi hononga karetao mahi tahi māmā, iti-ngaohiko, tino whakaurua, me te mahi teitei. Kei roto i tētahi hononga whakauru pēnei ngā wāhanga nui katoa e hiahiatia ana mō te nekehanga hononga—tae atu ki ngā kaiwhakaoho, ngā kaiwhakahaere, ngā taraiwa, me ngā pūoko—ā, ka taea te mahi motuhake hei waeine takitahi. Ina honoa ki te kaiwhakahaere matua, ki ētahi atu waeine rānei mā roto i ngā pahi hiko me te whakahaere māmā, ka tino whakarei ake tēnei hoahoa tino piripono engari he iti-hononga i te kaha o ngā karetao mahi tahi. Mā te whakamahi i tēnei hononga waeine whakauru me te hono atu ki ngā ringa karetao me ngā kaiwhakaputa mutunga e tika ana te rahi, ka taea te huihui ngāwari i ngā karetao mahi tahi kua whakaritea mō ngā whakaritenga rerekē.
Pikitia 4 Te hoahoa hoahoa o te hononga modular
He mea nui te rangahau mō ngā hononga whakauru mō ngā karetao mahi tahi me ā rātou pūnaha whakahaere servo mō te whakatairanga i te karetao mahi tahi. Ko ngā hangarau matua o ēnei hononga whakauru he wāhanga matua e rua: ngā whakaiti harmonic me ngā pūnaha whakahaere-taraiwa motuka hono me ā rātou rauropi whakahaere e rite ana. Ko te Zhixin Drive Technology (Shijiazhuang) Co., Ltd. e arotahi ana ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere-taraiwa motuka hono mō ngā karetao mahi tahi, e whakahaere ana i ngā rangahau hōhonu mō ngā tikanga taraiwa me te whakahaere motuka hono. Kei te whakawhanake te kamupene i tētahi raupapa o ngā hua motuka hononga karetao tino atamai e āhei ai ngā āheinga whakahaere ngāwari me te pono mō ngā hononga karetao mahi tahi, me te whakauru i ngā āhuatanga nui pēnei i te tirohanga-ā-roto, te whakatau atamai, te whakahaere matatau, me te whakahaere tika—nā reira ka tutuki ai ngā hiahia o te whanaketanga taputapu atamai.
2 Te Tūnga Rangahau o Nāianei i te Motu me te Ao Whānui
I te tau 1956, i whakatūria e te tohunga ahupūngao o Amerika a Joe Engelberger me te kaihanga a George Devol tētahi kamupene karetao ko Unimation te ingoa, ā, i angitu te whakawhanake i te karetao ahumahi tuatahi o te ao—te Unimate—i te tau 1959.
I te tau 1961 i whakamahia tuatahitia ai e General Motors ngā karetao ki te hanga ahumahi i tana whare i New Jersey. I te tau 1969, i whakaurua mai e Hapani ngā karetao mai i Unimation, ā, i muri mai ka raihanahia tana hangarau ki a Kawasaki Heavy Industries me te KUKAI Corporation o te UK mō ngā mahi hanga karetao i Hapani me te UK. Nā te whanaketanga o te umanga motuka o Hapani, kua piki haere te maha o ngā karetao kua whakakapi i te mahi a te tangata i roto i te hanga, e whakaatu ana i tō rātou uara mahi. Nō reira, kua whakanuia e Hapani te whanaketanga karetao ahumahi. Mai i a Kawasaki Heavy Industries hei paionia i roto i te tangohanga hangarau karetao, ā, whai muri ko te putanga mai o ngā kamupene karetao rongonui o te ao pērā i a FANUC me Yaskawa, kua riro a Hapani hei tētahi o ngā whenua e matatau ana ki ngā hangarau karetao hou o te ao.
I te tau 1973, i whakarerekētia e te kamupene Tiamana KUKA te karetao Unimate hei hanga i te karetao tuatahi e ono-tohu herekore, ko te Famulus, e whakakahangia ana e te motuka hiko. I te tau 1974, i whakawhanakehia e ASEA (te mua o ABB), he kamupene hiko whānui o Huitene, te karetao hiko katoa tuatahi o te ao, ko te IRB 6, e whakahaerehia ana e te tukatuka iti, ā, i tino whakarei ake i te mohiotanga karetao. I te tau 1978, i whakatinanahia whānuitia e te Kamupene Unimation o Amerika tana karetao ahumahi PUMA ki ngā raina huihuinga a General Motors, e whakaatu ana i te whai huatanga me te uara o ngā karetao ahumahi, ā, e tohu ana i te tino pakari o te hangarau karetao ahumahi, ā, nā reira i whakatakoto ai i te turanga pakari mō ngā whanaketanga hangarau o muri mai.
Neke atu i te whā tekau tau o te whanaketanga o te karetao ahumahi, kua haere tonu ngā whanaketanga hangarau. Heoi, nā runga i ngā whakaaro haumaru, ka mau tonu ngā karetao ki ngā teihana mahi motuhake, ka wehea mā roto i ngā ārai ārai, kia kore ai e taea e rātou te mahi tahi me te tangata i te wāhi kotahi. Ka whakawhāitihia e tēnei whirihoranga tuku iho te mahi tahi a te tangata me te karetao, kia uaua ai te whakatutuki i ngā mahi tahi tino whai hua. Ahakoa ngā nganatanga me ngā tūhuratanga maha, ko te whakatutuki i te mahi tahi haumaru a te tangata me te karetao he wero nui tonu i roto i te mara o te karetao ahumahi.
Nō te tau 2005 rawa i whakaurua mai ai te ariā o ngā karetao mahi tahi i tētahi kaupapa nui i tautokona e te EU. Nā tēnei kaupapa i huihui mai ngā kamupene karetao ahumahi matua pērā i a ABB, KUKA, Reis, Comau, me Gudel ki te whakawhanake tahi i tētahi karetao utu iti, kiato, me te ngāwari i hangaia mō ngā umanga iti me te rahi, me te whai kia whakaitihia te whakawhirinaki ki te tuku mahi ki waho. I whakamāramahia e tēnei kaupapa te kaha o te mahi tahi a te tangata me te karetao, ā, i whakatakoto i tētahi turanga pakari mō te ariā o ngā karetao mahi tahi.
Ko ngā karetao mahi tahi o mua he whakarerekētanga me te whakamahinga o ngā karetao ahumahi tuku iho, me te kore e whakarerekē i te rapunga whakaaro hoahoa, i ngā momo mahi rānei. Mai i tōna whakatūnga i te tau 2005, kua whakatapua a Universal Robots ki te whakawhanake i ngā karetao mahi tahi ka taea te mahi haumaru me ngā kaimahi tangata. I te tau 2009, i whakarewahia e te kamupene te UR5—te karetao mahi tahi tuatahi o te ao—hei tohu i te tīmatanga o tēnei wā. I muri mai, i whakaurua e Rethink te Baxter ringa-rua me te karetao Sawyer ringa-kotahi hou, ā, i āta whakatūria te karetao mahi tahi hei kaupapa e mōhiotia ana, e whakaaetia ana hoki i roto i te karetao ahumahi. Nā tēnei whanaketanga kua whakaratohia he māramatanga me ngā ahunga hou mō te aunoatanga ahumahi me te whanaketanga atamai ā muri ake nei.
Pikitia 5: Te karetao UR5 me te karetao Sawyer Baxter
I te Whakaaturanga Ahumahi i te Whiringa-ā-rangi 2015, i whakaatu tuatahi a Siasun Robot Company, he hononga ki te Shenyang Institute of Automation o te Chinese Academy of Sciences, i tētahi karetao mahi tahi ngāwari e whitu-tuaka e tohu ana i te taumata hangarau matatau o Haina. Mai i taua wā, he maha ngā tauira karetao mahi tahi ā-rohe pērā i a Luoshi me Aobo kua piki haere te rongonui.
Mō ngā hononga karetao, ko te rerekētanga matua i waenga i ngā hononga karetao mahi tahi me ērā o ngā karetao ahumahi mahi taumaha tuku iho kei roto i tō rātou "ngāwari". Ka kitea tēnei ngāwari mā te iti o te pakari ā-mīhini, te iti o te ātete, me te kaha ki te rongo i te taipana. I tēnei wā, ko te ngāwari o te hononga e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā ringa karetao mahi tahi e ahu mai ana i te whakahaere tūnga tika me te whakahaere taipana.
Ahua 6 Hanganga noa o te hononga whakauru i roto i ngā karetao mahi tahi
E whakaatu ana te tirohanga whānui o ngā rangahau o nāianei i tīmata te whanaketanga o te hangarau karetao o Haina i muri i ngā whenua pēnei i te Hononga o Amerika me Hapani. Kei te noho tonu te rangahau mō ngā karetao mahi tahi i muri i ngā hua o te ao, me ngā arai matua kei roto i ngā whakaiti harmonic me ngā pūnaha whakahaere taraiwa motuka hono. He nui te wāhi mō ngā karetao mahi tahi ā-rohe ki te whakapai ake i ngā āheinga whakahaere hononga, inā koa i roto i te tika o te whakahaere me te whakahaere atamai. Hei tāpiri, e whakaatu ana ngā ia rangahau karetao o te ao ko te haumaru, te ngāwari, me te mohio ngā āhuatanga matua o te whanaketanga hangarau. Kei te whanake haere ngā hononga karetao ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere taraiwa tino whakauru me te mohio nui ake. Ahakoa kua neke ngā hononga karetao mahi tahi mai i te whakahaere pokapū tuku iho ki ngā hoahoa whakahaere taraiwa tohatoha, i nāianei ka mahi noa rātou i ngā mahi e whakahaerehia ana e te motuka, kāore i te kaha ki te kite motuhake, ki te whakatau mohio, me te whakahaere matatau - ka hua ake he iti noa ngā taumata mohio. Kei te mau tonu te kaha nui ki te whakawhānui ake i te tono mō ngā pūnaha karetao atamai.
Wā tuku: Mei-22-2026
