He aha ngā Hangarau Whakarewa Matatau?

He aha ngā Hangarau Whakarewa Matatau?

(1) Whakarewa Ranu Āwhata-Resi

E kiia ana ko te hangarau tukatuka hihi hiko-tiketike te hangarau tukatuka tino whaihua o te rautau 21, e whakaponohia ana "ka kawea mai he huringa hou ki te hangarau tukatuka rauemi me te hanga," ā, koinei te mara hangarau tino tere te tipu me te rangahauhia i tēnei wā.

Te whanaketanga otaputapu whakarewaE rua ngā tikanga o te anga whakamua ki te tauine nui: ko tētahi ko te whakanui ake i te mana o ngā taputapu, ā, ko tētahi ko te whakanui ake i ngā wāhanga i whakarewahia e ngā taputapu. Nā te nui o te haumi kotahi ki ngā taputapu whakarewa matatau, inā koa ko te whakarewa taiaho me ngā taputapu whakarewa hihi irahiko, ka taea e te whakanui ake i te mana, te whakapai ake i te hohonu o te urunga me te pumau o te tukanga whakarewa te whakaiti i ngā utu whakarewa, kia whakaaetia ai e te umanga. Nō reira, kua arohia te hangarau whakarewa ranu e aro ana ki ngā taiaho. Inaa, i whakaarohia te whakarewa ranu taiaho-āwhata i te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1970, engari i puta ake ngā tono ahumahi pumau i ngā tau tata nei, ko te nuinga o te painga mai i te whanaketanga o te hangarau taiaho me ngā taputapu whakarewa taiaho, inā koa ko te whakapai ake i te mana taiaho me te hangarau whakahaere taiaho. Ko te ranu taiaho-āwhata te nuinga o te wā ko te whakakotahitanga o te taiaho me te taiaho hau korekore tungsten (TIG), te taiaho plasma, me te taiaho hohe. Mā te taunekeneke i waenga i te taiaho me te taiaho, ka taea te wikitoria i ngā ngoikoretanga o ia tikanga whakarewa, ka hua ake he pānga ranu pai.

Ka tino whakapai ake te whakarewa ranu reera-āwhata i te pai o te whakarewa, e rua ngā pānga matua: tuatahi, ko te nui o te pūngao ka hua ake he tere whakarewa teitei ake, ā, ka iti ake te ngaronga wera o te mea mahi; tuarua, ko te pānga taupatupatu o te taunekeneke i waenga i ngā pūtake wera e rua. I te whakarewa maitai, ka whakau te plasma reera i te reera; i te wā kotahi, ka uru te reera ki te kōhao kī o te puna rewa, ka whakaiti i te ngaronga pūngao. Ka taea e te whakakotahitanga o te reera me te TIG te whakanui ake i te tere whakarewa, tata ki te rua o te whakarewa TIG. Ka tino whakaitihia hoki te kakahu o te irahiko tungsten, ka roa ake te ora o te mahi; ka taea hoki te whakaiti nui i te koki awaawa, ā, he rite te horahanga whakawhiti whakarewa ki te whakarewa reera. Ki te whakatauritea ki te whakarewa ranu reera-āwhata kotahi, ka taea e te whakarewa ranu reera-āwhata takirua te whakaiti i te whakauru wera whakarewa mā te 25% me te whakanui ake i te tere whakarewa mā te 30%.

Ko ngā painga matua o te whakarewa ranu laser-arc (plasma arc rānei) ko te tere whakarewa me te hohonu o te urunga. Nā te wera o te pewa, ka piki te pāmahana o te konganuku, ka whakaiti i te whakaata o te konganuku ki te laser, ka whakanui ake hoki i te mimiti o te pūngao mārama. Kua whakamatautauria tēnei tikanga ki te whakarewa laser CO₂ iti-mana, me te whakarewa laser CO₂ 12kW me ngā laser YAG 2kW me te tuku muka whatu, e whakatakoto ana i te turanga mō te whakarewa ranu laser-arc robotic (plasma arc rānei). I ngā tau tata nei, kua tino whanake te hangarau whakarewa ranu i whānau mai i te ranu laser-arc, ā, kua nui haere te aro ki tōna whakamahinga i roto i ngā wāhanga uaua i roto i te rererangi, te ope taua, me ētahi atu rāngai. I tēnei wā, ko te hangarau whakarewa ranu e whakakotahi ana i ngā hihi kaha-teitei me ngā pewa rerekē kua noho hei tētahi o ngā wāhi rongonui i roto i te mara o te whakarewa hihi kaha-teitei.

(2) Whakarewatanga Whakaoho Waku

Ko te Friction Stir Welding (FSW) he hangarau whakarewa kua patenttia i whakawhanakehia e te Welding Institute (TWI) o te United Kingdom i ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau atu i 1990. Ka taea e ia te whakarewa i ngā konganuku kore-ferrous e uaua ana ki te whakarewa mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakarewa hanumi.

He pai ngā painga o te whakarewa waku-whakaoho pēnei i te tukanga honohono ngāwari, ngā kirikiri pai i roto i te hononga whakarewa, te mahi ngenge pai, te mahi kume, me te mahi piko, kāore e hiahiatia he waea whakarewa, he hau ārai rānei, kāore he rama pewa, ā, he iti te ahotea toenga me te whakarerekētanga i muri i te whakarewa. Kua whakamahia i roto i te umanga rererangi o ngā whenua whakawhanake i Ūropi me Amerika, ā, kua angitu te whakamahi i roto i te whakarewa o ngā oko pēhanga angiangi koranu konumohe e mahi ana i ngā pāmahana iti, te whakaoti i te hononga pūtake tika o ngā whakarewa roa me te hononga pūtake porowhita o ngā whakarewa porowhita. Kua whakamahia tēnei hangarau i roto i te hoahoa hanganga hou o ngā waka hou, ā, kua whakamahia i roto i te rererangi, te kawe waka, te hanga motuka, me ētahi atu rāngai ahumahi.

(3) Whakarewa Horopaki Korehau

Ko te putanga tonu mai o ngā rauemi matatau he wero hou ki ngā hangarau honohono. Ko te honohono o ngā rauemi hou maha, pērā i ngā koranu ātete-wera, ngā uku hangarau-tiketike, ngā matū whakarewa, me ngā rauemi hiato, inā koa te honohono o ngā rauemi rerekē, he uaua ki te whakatutuki mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakarewa honohono tikanga, nō reira kua puta te hononga horapa-āhua totoka me ētahi atu hangarau. Hei tauira, kua angitu te whakamahi i te hangarau whakarewa hanga-horapa superplastic i roto i ngā hanganga honikoma koranu titanium o ngā waka rererangi. Ka taea te hono i ngā uku me ngā konganuku mā te whakarewa horapa; kua whakatauhia e te whakamahinga o te hangarau whakarewa horapa āhua wai whakawhiti he maha ngā raruraru honohono uaua o ngā rauemi pakeke kāore i taea te whakaoti mā tewhakarewa honohonoi ngā wā o mua.

E rua ngā wāhanga o te hononga ā-tūturu. Ko tētahi ko te tikanga hononga me te pāmahana iti, te pēhanga teitei, me te wā poto, e whakatairanga ana i te pa tata o te mata o te mea mahi me te pakaru o te kiriata waikura mā te whakarerekētanga kirihou ā-rohe. Ko te whakarerekētanga kirihou te mea matua i roto i te hanga hononga. Kei roto i ēnei tikanga hononga kowhakarewa waku, te whakarewa pahūtanga, te whakarewa pēhanga matao, me te whakarewa pēhanga wera, e kiia ana ko te whakarewa pēhanga. Ko tētahi atu ko te tikanga here horapa me te pāmahana teitei, te pēhanga iti, me te wā roa, e mahia ana i roto i te hau tiaki, i te korehau rānei. He iti noa te āhua kirihou e puta mai ana i tēnei tikanga honohono, ā, ko te horapa atanga te mea matua ki te hanga i te hononga. Ko ēnei tikanga honohono ko te whakarewa horapa, pērā i te whakarewa horapa korehau, te whakarewa horapa āhua wai tauwhiro, te whakarewa horapa pēhi isostatic wera, me te whakarewa horapa hanga-whakaputa superplastic.

Haunga te puta tonu mai o ngā tikanga whakarewa matatau me ngā tukanga hou (he tauira noa iho ēnei i runga ake nei), kei te piki haere tonu te taumata o te mīhini me te aunoatanga o ngā momo tikanga whakarewa. Nā te ahunga whakamua o te hangarau hiko, te hangarau pūoko, te rorohiko, me te hangarau whakahaere i tino whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te kaupapa whakarewa, ā, kua neke te aunoatanga whakarewa ki te whakahaere atamai. Ina koa, ko te whakaurunga nui o ngā karetao whakarewa kua pakaru i te aratau aunoatanga pūmau tuku iho o te whakarewa, kua whakatuwhera i tētahi aratau hou o te aunoatanga ngāwari i roto i te whakarewa, ā, kua whakaratohia he wāhi whanaketanga whānui ake mō te hangarau whakarewa. Kua noho te whakarewa hei tikanga tukatuka tino nui i roto i te hanga hou. Heoi anō, me te ahunga whakamua o te pūtaiao me te hangarau me te whanaketanga pāpori me te ōhanga, ka haere tonu te whānui o ngā mara tono o te whakarewa/hononga matatau.

(4) Te Whakarewa Aunoa me te Atamai

He mea nui te whakamahi mīhini me te aunoatanga hei whakapai ake i te hua o te whakarewa, hei whakarite i te kounga o te hua, me te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga mahi. Ko te aunoatanga o te hanga whakarewa te huarahi whanaketanga ā muri ake nei o te hangarau whakarewa. He iti noa ngā herenga o te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga me te kounga o te hanga whakarewa mai i te tirohanga o ngā tukanga whakarewa. Ko ngā tikanga whakarewa/hononga pēnei i te whakarewa hihi irahiko, te whakarewa taiaho, me te whakarewa whakaoho waku he whakaritenga tino kaha mō te āhua o te awaawa me te kounga huihuinga. Whai muri i te whakarewa aunoa, ka ma, ka tika, ka ataahua te hanganga whakarewa katoa, ka huri i te āhuatanga whakamuri o te mahi ā-ringa i roto i ngā awheawhe whakarewa i mua.

Hei tētahi o ngā tohu nui o te whanaketanga o te hangarau hanga hou me te umanga hangarau hou, he pānga nui tō ngā karetao ki ngā momo mara o ngā umanga hangarau teitei. Nā te uaua o ngā tukanga hanga whakarewa me ngā whakaritenga pakari mō te kounga whakarewa, me te taumata hangarau whakarewa ngoikore me ngā tikanga mahi, ka aro nuihia ngā tukanga whakarewa ka taea te whakahaere aunoa me te mohio i te tukanga whakarewa. I tēnei wā, e 30% ki te 40% o ngā karetao o te ao e whakamahia ana i roto i te hangarau whakarewa. I te tīmatanga, ko ngā karetao whakarewa i whakamahia i roto i ngā raina whakaputa whakarewa ira i roto i te umanga motuka, ā, i ngā tau tata nei, kua whānui haere rātou ki ētahi atu mara whakaputa.

Ko te arotahi tuatahi o te whanaketangawhakarewa mohioko te pūnaha tirohanga. Mā ngā pūnaha tirohanga kua whakawhanakehia i nāianei ka taea e ngā karetao te whakarerekē aunoa i te ara o te nekehanga rama kia rite ki ngā āhuatanga motuhake i te wā whakarewa, ā, ka taea e ētahi te whakarerekē i ngā tawhā tukanga i te wā tika kia rite ki te rahi o te awaawa.